Information Systems in Manufacturing Coordination: Economic and Social Perspectives

نویسندگان

  • Rob Kling
  • Kenneth L. Kraemer
  • Jonathan Allen
  • Yannis Bakos
  • Vijay Gurbaxani
  • John Leslie King
چکیده

Manufacturing is an important factor in national economic welfare and information technology is increasingly seen as a vital instrument in manufacturing performance. Manufacturing is one area where a vision of extensive coordination through computerization has been articulated. This vision, computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), is usually advanced as a next stage for improving manufacturing efficiencies and performance by reducing intra-organizational coordination costs. The typical arguments advanced for CIM focus on improving organizational efficiencies through sharing, reusing and sometimes standardizing information. This paper shows how four theoretical perspectives transaction cost economics, agency theory, resource dependency theory, and institutional theory help us better understand the strengths and dilemma"s of organizational integration through computerization. This approach of using multiple alternative theories is being applied in empirical studies conducted by the Advanced Integrated Manufacturing Environments (AIME) project at the University of California, Irvine. 1. THE VISION OF COMPUTER Our objectives are to characterize the organizational proINTEGRATED MANUFACTURING cesses which would facilitate or impede coordination through computerization, the specific kinds of effects we Substantial hopes have been placed on the exploitation of can expect from intensive computerization in manufacturing modern information technology for revitalizing the U.S. and the conditions under which varying levels of computermanufacturing sector. As the vision of information technolbased integration can be achieved. Long experience in ogy in manufacturing has moved beyond the level of the studying the effects of computerization in administrative discrete tasks to the spanning of organizational divisions data processing and other "knowledge work" domains and boundaries, the fundamental challenges have become as reveals a complex and bewildering array of technical and much managerial as technological. In this vision, comsocial obstacles to the vision of seamless integration. We puterized manufacturing systems play a central role in examine some of the coordination problems in manufaccoordinating activities at three levels: within manufacturing and we examine IT as a possible medium for reducturing firms; between manufacturing firms along the proing their costs and complexities. In the process, we outline duction chain (e.g,, between manufacturing firms and their four analytical perspectives that offer special help for suppliers); and between manufacturing firms and key understanding the likely promises and problems in largeoutside organizations such as financial institutions (e.g,, scale application of IT to facilitate coordination in manufacMelnyk and Narasimhan 1992). In a systems view of turing. organizations, information systems can bind manufacturing organizations, their suppliers and service providers, and We could have studied coordination in any of several eventually their customers into a finely tuned, integrated application arenas such as banking, insurance, air transporproduction organism (Morton 1991). tation, or manufacturing. We chose to study manufacturing because it is the arena in which there is a clear vision of This paper examines key organizational assumptions about integration through information technology which has been the visions of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). promoted for two decades. One anchor of this vision lies

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تاریخ انتشار 1992